This chapter provides a comprehensive and contextualized overview of neuropsychological assessment within the scope of substance use. It includes a brief historical outline and discusses the various purposes of this field, such as identifying possible correlates and cognitive impairments, differential diagnosis, and the planning of personalized intervention strategies. Methods and assessment procedures are detailed, along with a presentation of several neuropsychological tests, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinarity, cultural adaptation, and the validation of psychometric properties. The applicability and broad use of these methods in scientific studies and clinical neuropsychology practice are highlighted. The chapter concludes with reflections on ethical issues in neuropsychological assessment and presents interventions, outlining rehabilitation, habilitation, and early preventive strategies, providing recommendations for the development and application of cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with substance use disorders.