This chapter aims to explore neuropsychological interventions in the treatment of substance use disorders, beginning with a historical context that dates back to the world wars, when these interventions began to develop and refine. The main intervention modalities are presented, such as neuropsychological rehabilitation, which aims to adapt the cognitive functioning of individuals with structural or functional impairments, encompassing remediation, cognitive training, and readaptation to daily activities, with an emphasis on emotional and psychosocial needs. Neuropsychological habilitation, which addresses functional changes arising from developmental processes, and early preventive interventions, focused on promoting cognitive skills in individuals without deficits as a strategy to prevent disorders and improve quality of life, are also discussed. These modalities are examined in relation to the prevention of substance use disorders, with particular attention to rehabilitation and cognitive training. Strategies such as cognitive bias modification, working memory interventions, and inhibition of automatic responses are highlighted for their relevance in managing relapses and enhancing impulse control. The chapter also discusses relapse prevention strategies, recognizing relapse as an inherent part of the therapeutic process and emphasizing the importance of social skills training and lifestyle modification. Finally, scientific evidence supporting these interventions and recommendations for their implementation in the treatment of substance use disorders are presented.