This chapter explores the relationship between substance use disorders and cognitive functions, particularly focusing on attentional control and inhibitory control. Substance use disorders are associated with significant medico-legal and psychosocial costs, including impaired cognitive functioning. This chapter reviews evidence showing that acute and chronic withdrawal from substances like cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, and opioids impacts attentional systems and response inhibition. The chapter examines how substances influence neural activation, highlighting deficits in attention and executive functions observed in both human and rodent models. Additionally, it discusses the effects of substance use on different neurobiological systems, such as the cholinergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems, and their implications for attentional and executive function. Despite substantial evidence of altered neural activation in individuals with substance use disorders, the precise relationship between substance use severity and cognitive deficits remains unclear. Further research is needed to elucidate whether these neural changes are specific to substance-related issues.