Neuropsychology had its semi-structured foundations in the eighteenth century with phrenology, a pseudoscience that proposed a relationship between facial characteristics and cognitive abilities. In the nineteenth century, neuropsychology established itself as a scientific discipline, with the work of Franz Joseph Gall and others. The localizationist perspective sought, during this period, to address brain areas responsible for specific functions, such as language and memory, through postmortem identification and correlation of individuals who clinically exhibited motor and language deficits associated with acquired brain lesions. In the twentieth century, advances in neuroimaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowed for the visualization of the living brain and the study of real-time brain activity. Standardized neuropsychological tests were developed to assess specific cognitive functions, and new theoretical approaches, such as cognitive neuropsychology and social neuropsychology, emerged. In the twenty-first century, neuropsychology integrated with other disciplines, such as neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and neurology. The understanding of brain plasticity and the role of neuropsychological rehabilitation advanced significantly. Advanced neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), are used to study brain activity during cognitive tasks. Ongoing developments include integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, the development of new evidence-based therapeutic interventions for neuropsychological disorders, and the use of neuropsychology to enhance understanding and treatment of mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. This chapter aims to outline the historical development of neuropsychology, explore the main theoretical and methodological contributions that have shaped the discipline, and discuss contemporary and future advances in the field, highlighting the importance of neuroimaging techniques and integrated approaches for the study of the brain and cognition.