Agriculture is vital in India, underpinning food security despite a declining GDP share. However, agrochemicals, heavy metals, and other hazardous substances threaten agricultural sustainability. These contaminants originate from natural sources and human activities such as industrial processes, urbanization, waste disposal, and agricultural practices. Pollutants, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, accumulate in soils, posing severe risks to ecosystems, human health, and agricultural productivity by disrupting soil microbial activity, reducing fertility, and bioaccumulation in crops and animals. The chapter examines these pollutants’ sources, pathways, and adverse effects on the environment and human health, highlighting issues like neurological disorders, cancers, and chronic conditions from heavy metals and pesticides. Environmental impacts include soil degradation and biodiversity loss, jeopardizing food safety and security. Remediation strategies, particularly bioremediation, are explored as sustainable solutions. Bioremediation uses plants, microbes, and fungi to detoxify pollutants, with techniques like phyto-extraction and phyto-stabilization showing promise. Specific species that are effective in pollutant mitigation are discussed. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts among researchers, farmers, and policymakers to implement sustainable practices and remediation technologies. Ensuring soil health and agricultural productivity through bioremediation is crucial for food security and a sustainable agricultural future.