Agricultural soil health is intrinsically linked to public health, with economic perspectives playing a crucial role in understanding and enhancing this relationship. This chapter explores biomedical approaches to assessing and improving soil quality, focusing on the economic implications and benefits for public health outcomes. The chapter begins by outlining the economic importance of maintaining healthy agricultural soils, emphasizing the direct and indirect benefits to public health. It discusses biomedical techniques for soil quality assessment, such as microbiome analysis, bioindicators, and contaminant detection, which provide critical insights into soil health and its impact on human health. Key areas of discussion include the economic costs of poor soil health, such as reduced crop yields, increased healthcare expenses, and environmental degradation. The chapter also examines cost-effective interventions to enhance soil quality, such as organic amendments, bioremediation, and sustainable farming practices. These strategies are evaluated for their potential to improve soil health and provide significant public health benefits, including reduced exposure to harmful contaminants and improved nutritional quality of food. Case studies highlight successful implementations of biomedical approaches in various agricultural contexts, demonstrating their economic viability and public health advantages. By integrating economic and biomedical perspectives, this chapter aims to provide a holistic understanding of how enhancing agricultural soil health can lead to improved public health outcomes and economic sustainability.