The research analyzes the current state of institutional support for exports, identifies the problems, and assesses its impact on expanding the export potential of the agricultural sector. The research is based on the results of analysis and assessment of the state of Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex (AIC) and its foreign economic activity, as well as the analysis of the state institutions’ role in organizing and promoting foreign economic activity. Imbalance and lack of consistency in institutional support for domestic exports, as well as the lack of some of its important elements, have a major impact on the condition and quality of state agencies’ support for exports. This creates unequal conditions for Kazakhstan’s business in the field of AIC because foreign competitors have advantages in domestic institutional support when entering the market of foreign countries. The research aims to study the condition of institutional support for Kazakhstan’s AIC exporters at the stage of the country’s economic transition to Industry 4.0. The methodological and theoretical basis of this research includes the works of founders of international classical trade theory, institutional theories, and other classics of economics. The authors developed a number of recommendations that will increase the efficiency of institutional support for Kazakhstan’s exports of agricultural products. These recommendations are of an applied nature. They can be used in developing strategic plans for a country’s foreign economic activity.