The previous chapters have described progress that has been made in our understanding of oral biofilms, from the fundamental biology of biofilm formation to the diseases they cause, methods for studying them and potential interventions for biofilm control. Here, we look to the future and consider the key opportunities and priorities for further advancing the field. For example, non-bacterial members of the oral microbiota such as viruses, fungi, archaea and protozoa have historically received insufficient attention and there is an urgent need to characterise their contributions to oral health and disease. In addition, there are opportunities to improve our understanding of the spatial structure of oral biofilms including the extracellular matrix components, which play key roles in the retention of biofilms on oral tissues and homeostasis of biofilm cells. Future studies will benefit from the sophisticated technologies that are continuously being developed and improved. Team science approaches will be needed to provide a more comprehensive and holistic view of how the many different microbes interact with each other and with host tissues, and how environmental or sociobehavioural factors influence biofilm formation in different people. A detailed understanding of oral biofilms will form the basis for the rational design of new approaches to control biofilms and maintain oral health.