Groundwater contamination by uraniumUranium has emerged as a significant public health concern, primarily due to its dual radiological and chemical toxicities. This study assesses uraniumUranium concentration levels in groundwater samples from the Raichur district in Karnataka state, India, and examines their implications for human health. A total of 54 groundwater samples were collected from various sourcesSource, including shallow wells, domesticDomestic wells, and irrigation wells, to evaluate uraniumUranium concentrations and associated health risksHealth risk. UraniumUranium levels ranged from 0.05 to 158.32 parts per billion (ppb), with an average concentration of 23.07 ppb, indicating that approximately 20.3% of the samples exceed the World Health Organization's (WHO) permissible limit of 30 ppb. The study adopted geospatial analysis to map uraniumUranium distributionDistribution and conducted a comprehensive health riskHealth risk assessment, calculating Excess Cancer Risk (ECR), Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD), and Hazard Quotient (HQ) to evaluate both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. The finding reveals that children, particularly those aged 4–8 years, and infants are at heightened risk due to elevated ECR and LADD values, highlighting the increased vulnerability of younger age groups to uraniumUranium exposure. Adult males, as well as pregnant and lactating women, also show significant ECR and HQ values, indicating their susceptibility to uraniumUranium's adverse health effects. The high uraniumUranium concentrations are primarily due to local geological formations and anthropogenicAnthropogenic activities, such as the use of phosphate fertilizers and agricultural practicesPractice prevalent in the region. These factorsFactors contribute to the leaching of uraniumUranium into groundwater, posing serious health risksHealth risk. The results emphasize the need for stringent regulatory controls, effective groundwater monitoring, and the implementation of remediation strategies to mitigateMitigate uraniumUranium contamination. This study provides serious concern Understanding into the health implications of uraniumUranium contamination in groundwater and emphasizes the importance of coordinated efforts in public health, environmental monitoring, and policy-making to address the challenges posed by uraniumUranium exposure.