The establishment of the Italian Republic in 1946, following the end of fascism and the abolition of the monarchy, marked a significant step toward equality. This commitment is exemplified in Article 3 of the Constitution, which enshrines the principle of equality for all citizens as a fundamental right. However, throughout the 1950s, there was little progress for women and other marginalised groups. In the 1960s and 1970s, social movements—led by students, workers, feminists and gay people—applied pressure, challenging the patriarchal state. A key milestone was the approval of the Workers’ Statute, Italy’s first anti-discrimination law. The 1970s saw advancements in women’s rights and challenges to heteronormativity, while the 1980s marked a shift towards individual aspirations and the development of the equal opportunity paradigm.