This chapter is a substantially updated and enriched version of a similar chapter published in the first edition of this book. As many contributions to the second edition, this chapter has been substantially rewritten as the years that have passed from the publication of the first edition of this book have seen important changes and developments. In particular, the relationship between society, energy and major societal transitions have increasingly come to the fore in public debates and that has fuelled a wave of social scientific research generating a wealth of recent and highly pertinent publications. This chapter discusses some of the ways in which the science and technology in this field can be aligned with societal values and needs in forging a path for a sustainable transition towards a low carbon energy future. This is done by briefly presenting potential conceptual frameworks for analysing the societal transition and by discussing some of the tools for public engagement. The chapter is divided into three sections and begins with a section on diverse broad conceptual approaches to responsible innovation and society. The second section draws upon literature from social science and socio technical systems to discuss conceptual frameworks for public engagement and citizens’ participation as increasingly important elements in innovation processes in the energy sector. The third section discusses some of the methodologies and tools that are currently available for taking into account the views and expectations of both general and local publics and relevant social groups in the processes of harnessing and using geothermal resources.