Background: The rice dwarf virus (RDV) is a devastating pathogen causing severe yield losses in rice cultivation globally. It is transmitted by green rice leafhoppers and belongs to the genus Phytoreovirus in the Reoviridae family. Virus Structure and Infection Cycle: RDV has an icosahedral capsid enclosing 12 double-stranded RNA genome segments. In the leafhopper vector, it infects midgut cells before spreading to salivary glands for transmission. In rice, RDV initially infects phloem cells then invades neighboring cells systemically. Symptoms and Impact: RDV infection induces stunting, excessive tillering, dark green discoloration, and sterility in susceptible rice cultivars, significantly reducing yields. Virus-Host Interactions: Viral proteins suppress host defenses, facilitate replication, and enable cell-to-cell and long-distance movement within hosts. Understanding these molecular interactions provides insights into viral pathogenesis. Epidemiology: RDV epidemics are influenced by leafhopper vector populations, cultural practices, environmental conditions, and lack of genetic resistance in commonly grown rice varieties. Management Strategies: An integrated approach is needed, including vector control, cultural practices that reduce virus sources and leafhopper populations, and development of RDV-resistant rice cultivars through breeding or biotechnology. Conclusions: This chapter comprehensively reviews current knowledge on RDV’s biology, epidemiology, host interactions, transmission, and control strategies to combat this major viral threat to rice production.