Plumbago zeylanicaPlumbago Zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae) is a widely accepted medicinal plant. It is an important constituent in various formulations used in AyurvedaAyurveda, Unani, and Siddha. These earliest documented evidences have now become the basis of modern medicine and an important source for future medicine and therapeutics. RootsRoots of P. zeylanica are a rich source of a naphthoquinoneNaphthoquinone ‘plumbagin’ known to have numerous traditional and ethnobotanical uses, and therapeutic and pharmacological properties. The demand for the roots of P. zeylanica is increasing for plant-based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. in the national and international markets. This growing demand is creating a heavy pressure on the natural plant populations in the wild due to over-harvesting for rootsRoots. There is a need to focus on the conservationConservation and cultivation of such medicinal plants used by the pharma-companies and industries considered to be endangered or threatened. There is a need to develop an alternative to the intact plant for production of plumbaginPlumbagin in order to make available plumbagin for pharmaceutical industries without disturbing and depleting natural plant resources. For the enhancement of plumbagin from P. zeylanica several strategies are employed such as media optimization, elicitationElicitation, biotransformation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformationAgrobacterium-mediated transformation and scale-up. Various plantTissue culture tissue culturePlant tissue culture (PTC) strategies have proved useful for the enhancement of secondary metabolites from P. zeylanica. This chapter brings to light an overview of the origin, distribution, taxonomical classification, economic importance, cultivationCultivation practices, genetic resourcesGenetic resources conservationConservation approaches, and molecular breedingMolecular breeding and their applications for the conservation and plumbaginPlumbagin enhancement in P. zeylanica.