The diagnosis of carotid artery disease involves a comprehensive vascular examination, which includes auscultation of the carotid bifurcation and palpation of the abdominal and limb arteries, as well as a focused neurological examination. Further diagnostic procedures include color duplex ultrasonography of the carotid and vertebral arteries and advanced imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRI) of the aortic arch, carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, and intracranial vessels.