NutmegNutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is a vital perennialPerennial spice that stands dioecious in nature; rarely noticed as monoecious in cultivationCultivation. NutmegNutmeg yields two types of spice, viz. nut and mace. The wild and related species of the genus Myristica are noticed in India, and the magnitude of germplasmGermplasm distribution and its conservationConservation by different research agencies are commendable. NutmegNutmeg is a cross-pollinated crop; wide variability exists for morphological and biochemical characteristics. Many studies have been conducted to characterise the dioecy in nutmegNutmeg, resulting in no defined outcome to detect male and female plants in the juvenile phaseJuvenile phase. Biochemical constituents like myristicinMyristicin, elemicin, sabinene and safrole are present in appreciable amounts in the volatile oilVolatile oil of kernel and mace. There is huge scope for exploring the variability to identify high-yielding genotypes and resistant sources to fungal pathogensFungal pathogens. The multiple problems in nutmegNutmeg breedingBreeding are the prolonged juvenile phaseJuvenile phase, the difficulty in multiplying vegetatively in large numbers, the segregation in the gender of seedling populationsSeedling populations into male and female plants, and the single ovule in the female flower. These issues would also impact the breeders in developing new nutmegNutmeg varieties. Few released varieties and farmers’ selectionsSelection are ruling in commercial cultivationCommercial cultivation of nutmegNutmeg. This chapter reviews the botany, flower charactersFlower characters, genetic sources, variability studies, high-yielding varietiesHigh-yielding varieties developed, and crop improvement strategies of nutmegNutmeg.