Piper longumPiper longum belongs to the family Piperaceae and is an important spice in India. The dried female spikes and roots of this plant have high commercial value because it is utilized in several formulations for treating different diseasesDiseases like fever, common cold, indigestion, bronchitis, asthma, cancer, leprosy etc. P. longum contains more than fifty alkaloids and several essential oilsEssential oil. The cultivationCultivation of P. longum is not very common and it is extensively collected from the forest due to high demand from pharmaceuticalPharmaceutical industries, threatening the existence of the plant. The seeds of P. longum have a low germination rate so, vegetative propagationVegetative propagation is the most commonly used to cultivate it. Viswam was the first reported improved variety of P. longum. To fulfil the demand, aromaticAromatic and medicinal species must be duplicated more quickly while causing the least amount of damage to their natural environments. Micro-propagationPropagation technique allows for the rapid multiplication of planting material may be extremely beneficial. Advancements in molecular biology, gene technology, and cell biology have significantly contributed to our understanding of diseasesDiseases at the molecular and genetic levels. High throughput screening (HTS) techniques have evolved from novel target-directed screening assays and automation significantly enhancing the industrial drug development process. Furthermore, in vitroIn vitro, gene banksGene bank can play a critical role in providing feedstock for this revolution. Using current biotechnological methods, new pepper varieties with higher production and adaptability must be produced. In this chapter, we have discussed the origin, distribution, economic importance, traditional cultivationCultivation, role of biotechnologyBiotechnology, germplasm diversityGermplasm Diversity, conservationConservation approaches, and molecular breedingMolecular breeding.