Cymbopogon citratusCymbopogon citratus  belongs to the Poaceae (Gramineae) family and is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical countries. When the green leaves are crushed, it gives a lemony aromaAroma hence known as lemongrassLemongrass. It is cultivated for its medicinally crucial essential oilEssential oil. Worldwide, lemongrassLemongrass is cultivated in over 16,000 ha, producing around 1000 tons of oil per year. The oil is rich in citrus and is a good source of secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites, which shows various pharmacological activities like antibacterialAntibacterial, antifungalAntifungal, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatoryAnti-Inflammatory properties. Other than this, properties like anti-malarial, anti-oxidants, hypoglycaemic, anti-mutagenicity, anti-mycobacterial, and neurobehavioral have also been studied. The traditional breedingTraditional Breeding technique is used to develop new varieties, but as it is time-consuming and the rate of success is not high, advanced breedingBreeding techniques have gained importance. Advanced breedingBreeding techniques such as plant tissue culturePlant tissue culture and genetic engineeringGenetic engineering helped achieve a high yield of oil and genetically improved varieties in a short time. With this, the current study helps explore different studies related to modern breedingBreeding programs, genetic variabilityGenetic variability, and germplasmGermplasm. This chapter delves into the cultivationCultivation of lemongrassLemongrass, providing in-depth guidance on techniques aimed at optimizing both yield and quality. It covers essential aspects such as ideal climateClimate conditions, soil preparation, and methods for propagationPropagation, whether through seeds or root division. Furthermore, the chapter introduces advanced breeding strategiesBreeding strategies like selectionSelection, hybridizationHybridization, and tissue cultureTissue culture, presenting promising avenues for the advancement of superior lemongrassLemongrass varieties.