The genus Botryosphaeria is an important opportunistic plant pathogen and endophyte distributed globally. Taxonomically, it belongs to the order Botryosphaeriales in the Dothideomycetes class. It contains several anamorphic genera, the most common of which are Lasiodiplodia, Diplodia, Neofusicocum and Dothiorella. The pathogens produce different types of diseases, such as stem canker, twig blight, panicle blight, and gummosis, in several woody hosts that are mostly associated with biotic and abiotic stress. Because of the morphological complexities in the anamorphic stages of Botryosphaeria, taxonomical research is challenging. DNA sequence-based phylogenetic analysis helped to identify the correct taxonomic place of the genus. Here morphological taxonomy of the pathogen was critically discussed with phylogenetic analyses. This chapter highlighted the economic importance, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological variability, symptom variability, disease cycle, epidemiology, and several management practices of the pathogen.