Plant diseases induced by soil-borne pathogens, predominantly fungi, present a significant threat to global agriculture by affecting the crop yield, quality, and economic equilibrium. Athelia, belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota and class Agaricomycetes, display versatility as a plant pathogen, leading to seedling mortality, root rot, and collar rot, with a widespread global distribution. Initially recognized as Sclerotium rolfsii, taxonomic revisions have established Athelia rolfsii as a teleomorph. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of A. rolfsii, including its taxonomy, geographical distribution, disease cycle, host range, symptomatology, isolation, and identification methods. Economic importance is emphasized, highlighting its historical impact on crops. Understanding its epidemiology, including the factors that influence its growth and transmission, is essential for effective disease management. Comprehensive control strategies use a multifaceted approach that incorporates cultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods. Cultural practices such as deep plowing and maintaining ideal soil conditions play crucial roles. In addition to the use of fungicides and fumigants, crop rotation and integrated pest management also contribute significantly. Biological control methods involving beneficial organisms and physical interventions such as soil solarization have also been explored. Moreover, the challenges associated with each method, particularly for small-scale farmers, are discussed. This thorough analysis establishes the foundation for devising integrated management strategies that are essential for reducing the impact of Athelia spp. on crops. Continuous research and implementation of sustainable practices are vital for successful disease control and for ensuring global food security.