This chapter explores the potential of closed or abandoned landfills as a source of raw materials for the European economy, aligning with the circular-economy goal of transforming waste into valuable resources. The research question is whether such an option is possible or feasible from a legal perspective, considering the needs and barriers that such an activity brings into play. There are sound and justifiable reasons for landfill mining, highlighted by the European need for self-sufficiency, as exemplified by the European Critical Raw Material Act (CRMA). Still the European economy has only become 0.4% more circular since 2015, and landfill mining is not a widespread practice. This chapter examines the European ‘drivers’ that render waste-utilisation endeavours worthy of consideration. It analyses the legal and economic barriers to landfill mining at different levels and questions whether European waste law can be considered a significant barrier to, or challenge for, urban mining.