Articulating the Unwritten Norms Behind Hugging, Kissing, and Shoulder Touches Between Friends in Australia
摘要
This paper presents research into the ways in which young Australian women use verbal and non-verbal communication to develop friendships. For migrants to Australia, one of the most common difficulties is learning how to build relationships with native Australian English speakers (Sadow, 2018). In particular, women from cultural backgrounds other than Anglo-Australian often have different norms of physical greetings and affection, such as kissing on the cheek, hugging, and touches in interactions, and the spoken language and values which precede these. Breaking these unspoken rules of interaction can be detrimental to a woman’s acceptance in a community, but these norms are difficult to describe and highly dependent on context. To gain an insider’s perspective on these routines, I have used scenario-based ethnographic interviews to compose cultural scripts in Minimal English (Goddard, 2017). These cultural scripts represent a small subset of the possible verbal and non-verbal cues that migrants could benefit from learning to recognise. I also discuss some of the considerations in describing these forms of interaction to women from diverse backgrounds particularly through English language teaching programs. The perceived difficulty of learning these norms can lead to the marginalisation of migrants, and their feeling of belonging exclusively existing in home language communities rather than in the Australian community in general. By explicitly learning about how to evaluate and react to these potentially difficult situations, migrants will be able to navigate their new community more easily, in turn helping them to feel a sense of belonging.