Marine microplastic pollution has become a major global environmental issue that is detrimental to the worldwide environment and ecology in the long term. Identifying and characterizing these microplastic pollutants are thus essential to fathom their potential environmental impacts, to determine their sources and pathways, and to devise effective governance measures. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on the current visual and analytical techniques that are popularly utilized in the identification and characterization of marine microplastics (i.e., optical and electron microscopy, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, Py-GC-MS, DSC, and TGA). Several emerging microplastic identification and characterization technologies (i.e., hyperspectral imaging or HSI, artificial intelligence and machine learning, microfluidic devices) are also elucidated. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of the techniques are highlighted to provide some insights on improving their efficiency in microplastics analysis in the future. In-depth research that explores other novel approaches which can be feasibly integrated into the current microplastic analytical technologies would be crucial as solution to address their limitations and to enhance their efficiency in microplastic analysis in the future.