Introduction
摘要
Bioengineering can be defined as the integration of natural and engineering sciences (Dias et al. in Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2019 [1]). Furthermore, bioengineering is recognized as a multidisciplinary science that involves numerous fields, including materials science, chemistry and biochemistry, mechanical and chemical engineering, etc. Consequently, nano-/micro functional elements have been crucial in the fields of bioengineering (Bhat and Kumar in Biomatter 3(3):e24717, 2013 [2]).