Cancer is a huge concern in public health. Inside the tumoral microenvironment, genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic mechanisms are associated with cancer initiation and progression, in a complex biology involving the acquisition of capabilities and sustained activation of survival and proliferation cell pathways, turning possible tumor growth and metastatic spread. Cancer research has demonstrated some factors of risk and protection fundamentals in cancer development, such as diet. The regular consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables is a possible factor of protection against many kinds of cancer, and the presence of bioactive compounds in them is commonly associated with this property. In this sense, Brazil concentrates 20% of the world’s flora, with diverse endemic species rich in chemopreventive substances, generating exciting discoveries in the cancer prevention landscape. Jaboticaba is one example of a native species with chemopreventive effects. Especially, jaboticaba by-products are a rich source of phenolic compounds and dietary fibers. Preclinical studies have shown their antitumoral potential by targeting molecules in diverse pathways associated with hallmarks in cancer, delaying its progression. Despite being incipient, these studies fuel the research interest in the chemopreventive role of the jaboticaba fruit.