The current period is one of unprecedented historical inflection, in which the destiny of the Amazon is irreversibly intertwined with the destiny of the planet. One of the challenges in this context is the need to overcome the colonial imaginary of the Amazon. It is against this background that studies and an important research agenda have emerged to analyze the dynamics between development, inequalities, and environmental protection with a focus on the Legal Amazon. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to analyze some aspects that permeate the debate on climate emergencies, global governance and the Amazon, with an emphasis on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 10 and 13. We analyze environmental protection policies for the region in the period between 2015 and 2023 along three axes: developmentalism in the Amazon and its correlation with ecological modernization, situating the disputes between sustainability and neo-extractivist projects; the process of discontinuity and rupture of the country’s environmental protection policy under the Temer and Bolsonaro governments; and the resumption of the environmental agenda by the Lula da Silva government, within the scope of domestic politics and international relations, indicating the advances already achieved and the challenges of 2030 Agenda for the Amazon biome.