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Illegal mining has caused significant environmental and social devastation upon the Yanomami Indigenous Land (YIL) in the Brazilian Amazon, threatening the Yanomami people's traditional way of life, natural resources and well-being. The “Yanomami under Attack” report by the Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA) outlines 30 years of environmental damage and sociocultural erosion since the demarcation of YILs in 1992, with deforestation, polluted water, mercury contamination, and the spreading of diseases as consequences. The MapBiomas report shows a 3,350% increase in illegal mining activities between 2016 and 2020, leading to 3,272 hectares of devastation in 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the health crisis in the communities. In 2023, the Brazilian government took vigorous actions by deploying military air force and police, IBAMA, and the Ministry of Health to address illegal mining and health issues effectively. This chapter analyzes the government's interventions, including the National Indigenous People Foundation (FUNAI) role, and stresses the need for comprehensive solutions like ethnodevelopment initiatives and policies to create a more sustainable and equitable future for Yanomami. The study used diverse sources and methods, such as participant observation, literature reviews, and reports from NGOs, government, and news articles, to provide fresh perspectives, updates, and insights on the topic.

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Yanomami People and Land in Roraima: Reviewing the Complex Nexus of Illegal Mining, Indigenous Vulnerability and Government Interventions

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Ismar Borges de Lima,
  • Raíza Meira Vieira,
  • Wilson de Moraes Sousa

摘要

Illegal mining has caused significant environmental and social devastation upon the Yanomami Indigenous Land (YIL) in the Brazilian Amazon, threatening the Yanomami people's traditional way of life, natural resources and well-being. The “Yanomami under Attack” report by the Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA) outlines 30 years of environmental damage and sociocultural erosion since the demarcation of YILs in 1992, with deforestation, polluted water, mercury contamination, and the spreading of diseases as consequences. The MapBiomas report shows a 3,350% increase in illegal mining activities between 2016 and 2020, leading to 3,272 hectares of devastation in 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the health crisis in the communities. In 2023, the Brazilian government took vigorous actions by deploying military air force and police, IBAMA, and the Ministry of Health to address illegal mining and health issues effectively. This chapter analyzes the government's interventions, including the National Indigenous People Foundation (FUNAI) role, and stresses the need for comprehensive solutions like ethnodevelopment initiatives and policies to create a more sustainable and equitable future for Yanomami. The study used diverse sources and methods, such as participant observation, literature reviews, and reports from NGOs, government, and news articles, to provide fresh perspectives, updates, and insights on the topic.