This chapter explores Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Problem-Based Learning (PrBL) as innovative pedagogical approaches within STEM education. Highlighting their potential to equip students with critical 21st-century skills—such as creativity, collaboration, communication, and critical thinking—PBL and PrBL serve as catalysts for deeper learning and student-centered inquiry. The discussion underscores their relevance in preparing students for an uncertain and rapidly evolving global economy by integrating real-world problem-solving and interdisciplinary collaboration. Comparisons between PBL and PrBL delineate their unique structures and applications, while emphasizing their shared focus on fostering self-directed learning and authentic assessments. Furthermore, the chapter examines the impact of PBL and PrBL on school reform, exemplified by initiatives like Texas' T-STEM Academies and the University Academy at UT Tyler, which have demonstrated measurable improvements in student achievement, engagement, and postsecondary readiness. Insights into teacher preparation programs and professional development strategies affirm the importance of equipping educators to implement these approaches effectively. The chapter concludes by advocating for further research into the long-term outcomes of PBL and PrBL as transformative educational models.