With an approximately 7500 km long coastline and an estimated exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million km2, India has great potential for developing the marine fish industry. By 2018–2019, the marine fish catch was 3.70 million tonnes, with an estimated potential of 5.31 million tonnes. The west coast accounts for 61% of the total marine fish landings in India, although at the state level, it is the state of Tamil Nadu on the east coast, which claims the highest share of fish landings, closely followed by Gujarat state. The marine fish industry is facing several challenges. This chapter discusses the current state of Indian marine fisheries, the situation of common property resources, the methods of their exploitation, the challenges faced by stakeholders in the marine fisheries industry and the emerging problems due to climate change. The deliberations also cover possible methods for overcoming these challenges and for sustainably managing marine fishery resources in the country.