The present chapter proposes an integrative approach to resolve livelihood disparities and promote a resilient society through the joint lenses of livelihood development and sustainable well-being in Maharashtra in the era of climate change. Maharashtra has played a vital role in India’s social and economic progress. Despite its contribution, the state is facing numerous challenges related to livelihood, which are exacerbated by rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and climate change. This chapter mainly explores an understanding of implementing sustainable livelihood, based on Assets, Economic Vulnerability, and Livelihood Sensitivity. United Nations Development Programme’s normalization method has been embodied to standardize indicators and a modified form of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Vulnerability Index has been applied to develop the “Sustainable Livelihood Index” (SLI) (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2015). Assessment of livelihood status in the state reveals that there are large-scale inter-district disparities in assets and livelihood situation. The districts that lie in the northern, eastern, and near western coast of Maharashtra state have more livelihood disparity due to their lower human, social, and financial assets and thus more economically vulnerable. These districts have a large tribal population, high unemployment rates, low status of literacy, and drought-prone areas while western and southern districts are better placed in terms of livelihood sustainability due to higher assets, livelihood sensitivity, and low economic vulnerability. The study has relevance to improving the social, economic, and environmental conditions of the districts, which will lead to the well-being of all and a resilient society. Hence, the work will be helpful to policymakers, planners, and administrators to plan a strategy based on spatial regionalization for achieving targets of localization of sustainable development goals.