The UNESCO heritage site of the Sundarbans mangroves, the world’s largest contiguous forested wetland system, spans approximately 10,000 sq. km in the deltas of the Ganga–Brahmaputra and Meghna River basins. The Indian portion, situated in the southeast of West Bengal, serves as a vital buffer for the 4.5 million residents in its surrounding areas who rely on it both directly and indirectly. The livelihoods of these residents are predominantly based on natural resources, with 59% engaged in farming and 33% in fishing. This study addresses the risks and hazards linked to climate change that impact the livelihoods of the Sundarbans’ coastal inhabitants. The primary aim is to explore how climate change and related uncertainties—such as cyclones, tidal waves, riverbank erosion, floods, and salinity intrusion—affect the livelihoods of people in this region. The research employs the IPCC’s Climate Change Framework and DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to analyze these impacts. The findings reveal that climate change-induced disasters have led to increased unemployment among coastal inhabitants, compelling many to migrate in search of alternative livelihoods. Despite the implementation of various government plans, policies, and strategies aimed at mitigating hazards, reducing exposure, and decreasing vulnerabilities, these measures are currently insufficient. Therefore, it is essential to enhance adaptation efforts through thoughtful policy revisions, comprehensive long- and medium-term planning, dedicated research, and capacity building to better support the affected populations in the Sundarbans.