The long history of intense seismic activity of the Anatolian Plate and its boundary transforms, the North and East Anatolian Faults (NAF and EAF) has been a major topic of research in Turkey since early last century. This young fracture system has also given an opportunity to study details of the origins and long-term behavior of active strike-slip fracture systems associated with continent–continent collisions (the N–S convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian Plates) in real time, in an accessible region, using modern investigative tools. This chapter describes the major Neogene tectonic elements of the Anatolian region, their origins and their regional setting, and explores the tectonic events leading to the development of the NAF, EAF and Anatolian Plate, and the main mechanisms driving the escape of Anatolia from Arabian-Eurasian plate collision. The main aspects of the transforms considered are their stages of development, geomorphic expression, geometry and segmentation, triple point junctions, associated extensional basins, displacement variations, slip rate, depth continuity, seismicity and seismic history, including seismic gaps. The features of the Anatolian Plate described include its mechanical behavior, mechanism and rate of westward escape, rotation properties, stress states, finite strain, fracture systems and associated basins. The potential of the Anatolian fracture systems for geothermal energy exploitation is highlighted.