Algal toxins are produced by varied species of algae and pose serious risks to ecosystem sustainability, wildlife, and human health. They include a wide range of harmful compounds, such as neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, and emerging toxins like azaspiracids, ciguatoxins, domoic acid, brevetoxins, yessotoxins, tetrodotoxins, okadaic acid, cyclic imines, aplysiatoxins, prymnesins, and goniodomin, which affect human health and marine ecosystems through multiple toxic mechanisms. Contaminated water, seafood, and aerosolized toxins are potential exposure routes. Globally, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing due to climate change, eutrophication, and water pollution, and toxins produced by them can accumulate in aquatic organisms, causing health issues such as liver damage, neurotoxicity, and gastrointestinal problems. This review outlines the toxicological profiles of diverse algal toxins encompassing both established and emerging threats, while also delineating the detection methods, monitoring strategies, and remediation approaches to mitigate their environmental and public health impacts. Understanding how these toxins interact with humans and ecosystems is vital for crafting effective management strategies and reducing their effects. Continued research and policy efforts are necessary to address this growing environmental concern, reduce algal toxins associated risks, and support ecosystem sustainability.