The quality of water directly affects the health and sanitation of human societies. The presence of toxic contaminants, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from industrial and agricultural activities, has reduced the availability of clean and safe water for drinking and household use. Conventional methods of treatment are inadequate in removing these pollutants, leading to the formation of harmful disinfection by-products. In the past decade, nanomaterials have become increasingly prominent in research aimed at mitigating water pollution. Their attractiveness stems from two key properties: their significantly larger surface areas compared to macro particles on a mass basis, and their amenability to enhancement with various functional groups to boost their chemical affinity toward target compounds. Nanotechnology has gained widespread adoption for the removal of various contaminants from both groundwater and surface water sources. However, considering the environmental fate and toxicity of materials, the selection and design of materials for water purification applications are very crucial. The successful implementation of these techniques in real-world conditions relies on interdisciplinary collaboration across fields such as chemistry, material science, geology, and biosciences. This chapter focuses on various synthesis methods for the production of nanostructured material and their application in wastewater treatment.