As the brain ages, so do memory functions. However, there are myriad forms of memory, not all of which are affected equally by age. Declarative memory, the memory of explicit semantic facts, is perhaps most resistant to aging. We can thereby turn to older individuals, relying on their ability to access a lifetime of learning in their counsels. Nevertheless, preserved declarative memory distracts from declining networked memory. By networked memory, we mean working memory and memory formation, which defy notions of massive modularity and instead rely more obviously on neural networks. These neural networks composed of white matter tracts are disproportionally affected by aging. For example, working memory is a complex form of processing memory akin to a computer’s random-access memory; it is not located in a single region but instead invokes both frontal and posterior brain regions that must interface through a network. Not incidentally, working memory is, relative to other forms of memory, highly g-loaded, meaning that it is positively correlated with general intelligence. The same is true of processing speed and executive functioning, and seemingly this is so because all are reliant on network efficiency which is in turn reliant on white matter integrity. These are effectively all higher-level cognitive processes, and all show a precipitous age-related arc of decline.

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Myriad Forms of Memory

  • Steven C. Hertler,
  • Aurelio José Figueredo,
  • Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre

摘要

As the brain ages, so do memory functions. However, there are myriad forms of memory, not all of which are affected equally by age. Declarative memory, the memory of explicit semantic facts, is perhaps most resistant to aging. We can thereby turn to older individuals, relying on their ability to access a lifetime of learning in their counsels. Nevertheless, preserved declarative memory distracts from declining networked memory. By networked memory, we mean working memory and memory formation, which defy notions of massive modularity and instead rely more obviously on neural networks. These neural networks composed of white matter tracts are disproportionally affected by aging. For example, working memory is a complex form of processing memory akin to a computer’s random-access memory; it is not located in a single region but instead invokes both frontal and posterior brain regions that must interface through a network. Not incidentally, working memory is, relative to other forms of memory, highly g-loaded, meaning that it is positively correlated with general intelligence. The same is true of processing speed and executive functioning, and seemingly this is so because all are reliant on network efficiency which is in turn reliant on white matter integrity. These are effectively all higher-level cognitive processes, and all show a precipitous age-related arc of decline.