This chapter teases out the major findings of the various chapters of this book, highlighting convergences and divergences. Informed by the main research puzzle upon which this project is predicated ab initio, the chapter organises its critical reflections along the various subthemes of the study, notably historical trends, causes, consequences, actors and management of the problem, as well as lessons for sustainable security, development and peacebuilding. The chapter thus provides a basis for cross-national comparison and generalisation. Essentially, the chapter highlights some salient points, including the fact that herder-farmer conflicts are old problems, with new/changing complexions: changes in geography, actors, weapons, triggers and drivers, consequences and management. The key lessons learnt for sustainable security, development and peacebuilding include the fact that peacebuilding should be seen as progressive and perpetual, not a destination, with short and long-term agenda; the imperative of mainstreaming environmental peacebuilding, the pertinence of the ‘local’ in peacebuilding, the significance of gender and social inclusion, the imperative of synergy between formal and informal institutions of peacebuilding; and acknowledging the overlapping boundaries of security, development and peacebuilding.