Undescended testes are common, with incidence of 1–2% in term infants at 6 months of age, after allowing for a period of spontaneous postnatal descent. Current international consensus guidelines recommend orchidopexy in otherwise healthy boys be performed between 6 and 12–18 months of age; the available literature supports these recommendations, with orchidopexy at this age allowing for improved post-operative testicular growth, prevention of germ cell loss and impaired spermatogenesis, improved paternity and reduced need for artificial reproductive technologies in adulthood, and reduced risk of future malignancy, without increasing risk of anesthesia or major post-operative complication. The exception to this recommendation is boys with gastroschisis; where orchidopexy may be delayed until 2 years of age, to allow for spontaneous descent and avoid poorer testicular outcomes that may be associated with earlier orchidopexy in this cohort.