The larynx is a multifaceted organ of the upper aerodigestive tract with critical roles in respiration, swallow, and voice production. It also has key functions in protecting against aspiration and in generating pressure to facilitate Valsalva maneuvers and cough. Its structure is built from a complex network of interfacing cartilages, ligaments, joints, and muscles that are reviewed here. Inspection of the larynx may be accomplished either via indirect or direct laryngoscopy. Indirect laryngoscopy involves the use of a mirror or, more commonly, either a flexible transnasal or a rigid transoral scope. Alternatively, obtaining direct, line-of-sight visualization of the larynx and its surrounding structures with a rigid laryngoscope is a procedure known as direct laryngoscopy. Direct laryngoscopy is pivotal for airway securement and for the diagnosis and operative treatment of laryngeal and other upper airway pathology.