Application of Red Mud in Additive Manufacturing of Geopolymers for Heavy Metal Adsorption
摘要
Industrial activity is widely recognized for its significant contribution to environmental issues, notably the generation of solid waste and contamination of water bodies with heavy metals. To address these challenges, an innovative approach utilizing printed geopolymers made from industrial waste has been developed for heavy metal adsorption. These geopolymers were formulated using two types of industrial waste, fly ash and red mud, along with metakaolin. Sample composition was varied while keeping the fly ash quantity constant and altering the proportion of red mud. Four distinct formulations were prepared, with ratios between red mud and fly ash ranging from 1 to 1.1. To assess the impact of red mud quantity on heavy metal adsorption capacity, adsorption experiments were conducted using cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) as reference ions over an 8-h period. The results revealed a trend of greater efficiency in heavy metal adsorption by samples containing a higher proportion of red mud. Particularly, lead exhibited the highest adsorption capacity, with averages of 77.61% and 90.42% adsorption for samples with red mud/fly ash ratios of 1 and 1.07, respectively. These findings were attributed to the increased roughness observed in the filaments of samples with higher red mud content, resulting in a larger available surface area for adsorption, thus conferring superior efficacy in removing heavy metals from the environment.