GeraniumGeranium (PelargoniumPelargonium spp.) is widely cultivated as an ornamental speciesSpecies worldwide. This denomination encompasses speciesSpecies and hybrids from the GeraniumGeranium genus, nativeNative to northern Europe and the PelargoniumPelargonium genus, nativeNative to South Africa. In addition to its decorative use indoors, in gardens and on balconies, certain varietiesVarieties are cultivated for oil extraction, which finds applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and perfumery industries. Numerous varietiesVarieties are available in the market, obtained through hybridizationHybridization and selectionSelection programs conducted by private breeders and large corporations. Exploiting spontaneous and induced mutationsInduced mutation has contributed to increasing variability in specific traits. Notably, the first mention of somaclonal variationSomaclonal variations in scientific literature occurred in a study involving the cultivarCultivars Robert’s Lemon Rose, leading to the creation of a new PelargoniumPelargonium varietyVarieties called ‘Velvet Rose’. Although the polyploid nature of many of these speciesSpecies poses challenges in genome sequencingGenome sequencing, numerous molecular markersMolecular markers are accessible to facilitate the work of breeders. The development of transformationTransformation techniques and, more recently, gene-editing methods will enable more efficient improvement of specific traits and the pursuit of objectives unattainable through traditional breedingTraditional breeding methods.