Biomaterials interact with biological systems, revolutionizing fields like tissue engineering, drug delivery, and implant development due to their biocompatibility and structural adaptability. However, concerns about the sustainability of their synthesis and sourcing drive the search for eco-friendly alternatives. Fortunately, carbonaceous materials, particularly graphene and its derivatives, have emerged as promising candidates. Graphene’s one-atom-thick, sp2-bonded carbon structure provides high tensile strength, large surface area, stability, and elasticity. Its derivates share similar extended characteristics. These properties lead to exceptional conductivity, rapid electron transfer, and high adsorption potential, making graphene valuable in catalysis, energy storage, and material synthesis. In biomedicine, their targeted surface immobilization, efficient drug loading, and high biocompatibility enhance applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and antimicrobial coatings. Despite the promise of graphene-based materials, challenges remain regarding their biodegradability and environmental impact. To this effect, increasing application of sustainable synthesis from organic sources is taking place, enhancing their value as viable alternatives. They can be synthesized from plant extracts, agro-residues, and bio/food waste, offering renewable solutions with high porosity, structural configurability, and surface functionality. This chapter explores carbonaceous biomaterials in-depth, examining their structure, functionality, and diverse biomedical applications. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements and prospects, the chapter aims to highlight the pivotal role of graphene-based biomaterials in advancing biomedical research and catalyzing healthcare innovations.