Natural biocompatible materials have evolved over billions of years into incredibly exact structure-activity interactions that scientists aspire to mimic. Thanks to developments in genetic engineering, it is now possible to conduct in-depth research into how modifications to even a single peptide within a protein sequence might result in biocompatible materials with exceptional mechanical, biological, and thermal properties. With a wide range of biomedical applications, proteins are among the most versatile and extensively researched macromolecules. These materials have several advantages over synthetic counterparts due to their biological and natural origins, including inherent bioactivity, cell recognition, and less immunogenic potential. Moreover, proteins can be readily functionalized by changing the primary amino acid sequence of the protein. Furthermore, proteins can frequently self-assemble into higher-order structures independently or in response to particular environmental stimuli. Protein-based materials’ high flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability have led to their use in various biological domains. Nanoscale protein-based polymers are progressively being utilized to deliver drugs into circulation to their molecular sites of effect. Protein-based biomaterials with drug-delivery properties have been shown to have several medical applications, such as the treatment of diabetes, neuroinflammation, cancer, wound healing, and corneal regeneration. This chapter has given an overview of the features and applications of modern protein-based materials in biomedicine.