This chapter explains step-by-step how to convert a stack of scientific research and non-research articles into a written background and significance section of the protocol. That section explains what is known and not known about the topic, why the topic is important, how often it occurs, and what knowledge gap the proposed study will fill. Both strength and quality of each cited study should be evaluated. Additionally, the practicality of using a theoretical framework to define key variables is defended, and the writing process itself is broken down into three manageable steps of prewriting, writing, and rewriting.