Identification and prompt treatment of nonvascular injuries related to thoracic trauma are critical in the triage and management of trauma patients. Traumatic lung injuries can result in emergent conditions including tension pneumothorax, contusion, and laceration, which can result in substantial respiratory complications. A hemothorax can be a major site of blood loss and result in hemodynamic compromise. Cardiac, tracheal, and esophageal injuries are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and prompt management is critical. Osseous injuries can result in traumatic injuries of the vital mediastinal and lung structures. Rib fractures can impair respiration and if segmental can result in a flail chest. Diaphragmatic injuries can result in both respiratory and abdominal complications, and presentation is often delayed. Correct interpretation of initial radiographs and/or computed tomography in the setting of thoracic trauma requires a thorough and systematic evaluation. In addition to a systematic approach, the radiologist should be aware of common injury patterns, normal variants, and subtle findings which may warrant additional evaluation.