This chapter examines the profound impact of the policies implemented by the Pinochet Dictatorship on indigenous communities, focusing on the rural Mapuche of South-Central Chile, the country’s largest indigenous group. The military regime swiftly reversed the territorial gains that the Mapuche had obtained under Allende’s Land Reform. Subsequently, as part of its broader package of economic reforms, the regime moved to allot Mapuche reservations into tens of thousands of small family-owned parcels, effectively ending collectively owned Mapuche land. Dany Jaimovich and Felipe Jordán discuss the long-term consequences of these processes, along with other aspects of the regime’s policies in Mapuche territory, on the contemporary self-determination conflict between the Mapuche and the Chilean State, the development of post-Pinochet indigenous policies, and the material conditions of the Mapuche population.