The article delves into the enduring conundrum of safety in complex systems and asks the pivotal question: “Are there still holes in the Swiss cheese?” Drawing inspiration from James Reason’s Swiss cheese model, the article examines the inherent limitations of achieving complete safety within any system, highlighting the perpetual challenges posed by the human element. In analysing the layers of defence and the vulnerabilities that persist despite relentless efforts, the paper underscores the crucial reality that absolute safety remains elusive due to the fundamental imperfections in human behaviour, cognition, and decision-making. By acknowledging these persistent “holes” in the safety paradigm, the article emphasises the need for ongoing vigilance, adaptation, and a more nuanced understanding of safety that integrates the inherent fallibility of human actors within complex systems. This exploration ultimately underscores the importance of continuous improvement and a proactive approach to risk mitigation, as well as the vital recognition that while perfection in safety may be unattainable, diligent efforts can minimize the alignment of those critical vulnerabilities and enhance overall security and resilience.