This paper investigates the propagation characteristics of laser pulses in thin cloud layers using numerical simulation methods. The study primarily focuses on the impact of cloud microphysical properties on the polarization and transmission of laser pulses during atmospheric remote sensing. We utilize a dual approach involving both a direct numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation and Monte Carlo simulations, examining scenarios with and without considering polarization effects. Our results reveal significant insights into how laser pulses interact with cloud layers, providing valuable implications for enhancing atmospheric sensing and remote navigation techniques. The study explores the feasibility of probing cloud layers by horizontal laser sounding from an aircraft, assessing the influence of cloud thickness and scattering properties on the behavior of both polarized and non-polarized light. Additionally, the research underscores the importance of polarization analysis in structuring the diffuse field within the clouds, potentially leading to the development of new atmospheric models based on the observed propagation characteristics. The study contributes to a better understanding of atmospheric dynamics and supports the advancement of techniques in environmental monitoring and atmospheric physics.