The issue of electronic waste (e-waste) has evolved from its initial emergence in industrialized nations to become a global concern. As the fastest-growing segment of municipal waste, e-waste poses significant environmental and public health challenges worldwide. In developing countries like India, electronic waste often accumulates in households due to a lack of proper disposal methods. This rapidly increasing and highly complex waste stream presents serious environmental risks, exacerbated by limited awareness and inadequate technical expertise. In India, informal sector workers engaged in crude dismantling of electronic devices face severe health risks due to exposure to hazardous substances. Despite legislative efforts to manage and dispose of e-waste, many developing countries, including India, struggle to establish effective formal recycling programs. This chapter examines the hazardous materials present in e-waste, their potential environmental and health impacts, and the treatment methods employed in developing countries.