Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is the most common esophageal cancer worldwide; however, esophageal adenocarcinoma is more common in the United States. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, Barrett’s esophagus, achalasia, nitrosamines, and caustic injuries. Patients present with dysphagia, unintentional weight loss, hemoptysis, and cough. Diagnostic work up includes history and physical, upper gastrointestinal series, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration (EUS/FNA), PET scan, and computed tomography scan. Staging is paramount to determine the steps in treatment. Treatment depends on esophageal neoplasm type, location, and stage. Treatment options include endoscopic mucosal resection, surgery, chemotherapy/immunotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Surgical intervention is with esophagectomy via three different approaches: transhiatal esophagectomy, transthoracic (Ivor-Lewis) esophagectomy, and minimally invasive (three-hole) esophagectomy. Favorable prognostic factors are early-stage disease, and complete resection. Esophageal cancer is a treatable disease, but rarely curable; 5-year relative survival rate is 21.7%.