There are many benefits of utilizing animal models to study psychology and behavioral neuroscience. Certain invasive manipulations such as brain lesions, optogenetics, gene editing, or pharmacological modifications are not routinely possible with human subjects but can be utilized in animal studies in order to further our understanding of brain–behavior relationships and to assist scientists in developing treatments for a variety of disorders. Animal model studies also afford scientists the ability to test subjects in highly controlled environments that ensure the history of individual animals is very similar apart from experimental manipulations during training and testing. A further benefit is that animal subjects always “show up” on test days, which is not a guarantee for human participants!