This chapter examines some of the critical factors that are present in many conflict situations drawing on a number of challenging conflict contexts. It will specifically consider the role of power dynamics, governance failure, identity and narrative in conflict, and the increasing impact of climate change and focusses in particular on the interconnection between these issues and how this can generate particularly complex and intractable conflict. Causal Layered Analysis is introduced as a relevant tool to get below the surface events and the current context, to uncover the underlying systemic and structural factors at play to unpack the underlying interests, worldviews and narratives which support these structures. It draws in pervasive factors embedded in the structures and fabric of society including their positions, interests and legitimacy of the parties to support peace, stability and social cohesion in the society.